Budget Planning Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Budget Planning - Assignment Example It is thus important that organizations compare the work completed with its objectives rather than merely analyze budgets on calendar basis. For instance, one may spend 90% of the allocated resources in doing a shoddy work or completing only 80% of the stipulated work, notwithstanding that the spent amount may fall within the projected calendar period. One could also run under budget on calendar basis. That is, the same proportions of the budget and work may be covered as expected while running under budget on calendar basis due to delays and breaks. The implication here is that there could have been slips in work schedule. While under budget implies that one performs below the planned budget, over budgets means that the planned budget has been surpassed. Proper planning and implementation of budget would thus lead one to as close to the budget as possible (Barr & McClellan, 2011). Excessive under budget could therefore suggest a situation in which one did not spend enough in specifi c areas to grow and protect business or establish a project. On the other hand, constant over budget performance could suggest that one is in danger of running out of resources and business. It is thus vital that work is done as planned to avoid both under and over budget both of which have their negative effects and implications on task implementation and completion (Article Library,

Railway Station Essay Example for Free

Railway Station Essay The stench of boiling coffee wafted around the deserted railway station, there were flutters of pigeons scuffling around, scrounging all the left over nibbles that had been left on the floor by the commuters from the evening before. It was dawn and as the sun was rising, so was a brisk wind that every now and then swarmed through the dark station whisking away severely crumpled newspapers that on their round, the cleaners had missed with the dust pan and brush earlier that morning. The hustle and bustle of the ordinary public hurled its way into the calm, collected station. Information boards began to rustle and the sounds of trains departed from what was now like another world, the smelly crammed station that had lost all its sense of dignity was now ready and waiting for what the day had in store. When people boarded the train that was due to take them to their destination it was like they had no concept of what was going on around them, completely oblivious to all the other passengers. Newspapers went up in the hot and clustered train compartment and people tucked themselves away in them for the duration of their journey even if they had already read it all, they would do anything to avoid the eye of a fellow commuter. The old escalators whined as they continually roamed up, and then back down again, as they carry frustrated, dizzy passengers who are always having to hurry around, never having anytime to stop on there busy, rushed route to work. Along one of the hard, cold walls a man sat there still, with his dog as a companion, eagerly anticipating the kind passer by, who frequently would be able to spare a moment of their time to drop in a few valuable Pennines. A warm, soft smell filled the right hand side of the station. The shoe polish from the repair stand that made everyone tilt there heads towards as the brushed by. Every now and then a well groomed business man popped in and had his shoes polished, before returning to his recurring hassle of his job. Throughout the chilled station a repeated yell took place every so often, coming from the four newspaper stalls, which echoed all around the station, Standard, come and get ya standard. The friendly face that occurred in the same place, at the same time, every day of the working year. Desperate to sell the days loads of papers to the commuters passing through the station. The stench of boiling coffee wafted around the deserted railway station, there were flutters of pigeons scuffling around, scrounging all the left over nibbles that had been left on the floor by the commuters from the evening before. It was dawn and as the sun was rising, so was a brisk wind that every now and then swarmed through the dark station whisking away severely crumpled newspapers that on their round, the cleaners had missed with the dust pan and brush earlier that morning.

Islamic Art in the Western World | Essay

Islamic Art in the Western World | Essay Is there a place for Islamic Art in the western Domicile? Introduction: What is Islamic Art? Islamic art does not copy nature but conveys what it represents. Islamic art is a mirror of a culture and its world view. Islamic art is a vibrant and distinctive form of Art. Unlike Christian art, Islamic art is not constrained to religious work, but includes artistic traditions in the Muslim culture. Because of the strict ruling against drawings of human or animals which might result in idol worship, Islamic art developed a distinctive character makes use of primary forms, geometric arabesque, floral and calligraphic. Muslim art has reflected this balanced, harmonious world view. Through its brilliant use of colour and balance, Islamic art creates an immediate visual impact. In Islamic art, painting and sculpture are not thought of as the finest forms of art. Crafts and decorative arts are regarded as having full art status. Books, on the other hand are a major art form and Writing has a high status in Islam as writing is considered significant decoration for objects and buildings. Islamic Art seeks to illustrate the meaning and essence of things, rather than just their physical form. It focuses on the spiritual representation of objects and beings and not their physical qualities. How is geometry seen to be spiritual? Because circles have no end they are infinite and so they remind Muslims that Allah is infinite. Complex geometric designs create the feeling of un-ending repetition; this helps the person get an idea of the infinite nature of Allah. Repeating patterns also indicate that in the small you can find the infinite, a single element of the pattern implies the infinite total. The use of patterns is part of the way Islamic art represents nature and objects. Repeated geometric pattern often use plant motifs, there are called Arabesque. Arabic lettering is also common. Art: It is one of the purest and most significant forms of human communication. Where language often fails us, art can cross divide what we sometimes erect due to differences in race, ethnicity, religion and culture. Specifically, Islamic art, perhaps more than any other, presents a beautiful mirror of a culture and its world view. More than being just representative of a singular religion (as is often the case with Christian art), Islamic art deepens understanding about Muslim culture, at large. It is for this reason that Islamic art should not only be tolerated when found in a western domicile, it should be encouraged and celebrated as a mechanism for the west to build a new respectful, productive and healing relationship with the East. On September 11, 2001, the west was devastated by a series of coordinated suicide terrorists attacks organized by an Islamist fundamentalist group called Al- Qaida. After getting over the initial shock, pain and horror of this incalculable loss, the west was left with one profound sentiment absolute confusion. We, in the West, simply had little understanding, not only of the motivation for the terrorist attack, but also of Islamic beliefs systems and principles, in general. And it is not a criticism, but simply an observation to note that the profoundly individualist mindset of the West, particularly America, had left us very isolated and without much understanding of global, philosophical, religious and cultural principles which differed from ours. It is now almost a decade after the horror of September 11, 2001, and although the West is still much insulated and lacks the full understanding of Islam which is so critical to secure a more peaceful global environment, we have made significant strides. The attack was not only a source of great suffering in the West, but also a wake up call to remind us of our insularity and the fact that there is a huge global community out there of which we are only a small part. And, Islamic artists have made huge contributions to furthering the understanding of Islamic culture and religion. Some may view bringing Islamic art into ones home as inviting argument and conflict. Narrow minded people may view Islam as the enemy of the West. However more and more Westerners are coming to the understanding that Islam is not the enemy of the West, but rather a potential partner and friend. Art has been a powerful tool in aiding the West to come to this conclusion. Through art of all varieties, Westerners are able to learn about not only the Islamic which may differ from many of ours, but also about the areas where we have something in common. There are so many contemporary Islamic arts and ways to incorporate it in to a Western home. Of course, the immediate thought one has when the word ‘art is mentioned, is probably visual art. Painters like Ali Omar Ermes, an Islamic artist based in the United Kingdom, introduce Western eyes to the beauty of Arabic lettering. Ermes work is significant in its exploration of the beauty of the written word or symbol. Writing, in the Islamic tradition, is highly regarded for its aesthetic beauty, and often utilized in architecture for its decorative effects, in addition to its simple meaning. Noura Sadaka, a Dubai-based talent, paints, draws and creates unique wooden and metal sculptures through which she tries to communicate the many ambiguities and struggles of being a woman caught between both Western and Islamic identities. Noura is typical of many contemporary Arabic artists in this way. So many Islamic creators have shed new understanding about the ways in which many of the Isl amic community feel great ties, love and respect for their peers in the West. Contrary to initial beliefs about Islam being the Wests enemy, such artists bring to light a much more complex and subtle truth about the relationship between Islamic peoples and their Western counterparts. Visual art is definitely not the only way to bring Islamic creativity into ones abode. We may not normally think of magazines, television and the internet as sources of fine art so often it is full of mindless content that could not be qualified as creative, by any stretch of the imagination. However, television shows like PBSs ART: 21, magazines like Brown Book and a variety of modern websites are exposing the West to Islamic artists whose work not only delights the senses; it also educates and helps expound understanding. Even the HBO series, Def Poetry Jam, did much to change stereotypes of Islam, by showcasing young, Islamic slam poets, especially in the early years which followed the terrorist attacks. It is clear that Islamic art has an essential function in furthering human understanding and connection. It is a bridge to create a dialogue when the traditional means are inadequate to express the subtle complexity of thoughts, emotions and ideas which drive us. By exploring the meaning an essence of things beyond their physical form, Islamic artists communicate sometimes unique, sometimes universal ideas about the spiritual questions with which all human beings grapple, regardless of their particular faith. For these reasons and more, Islamic art can hold a vital place in the context of a Western home expanding dialogue and understanding and, ultimately, promoting more peace and tolerance.

Sociology Essay -- Sociology Essays

Sociology is a field which developed over a millennia ago, but it was not until the nineteenth century that it came into the fore as a bona fide social science, in need of its own classification apart from other social sciences. Sociology, 'the study of the process of companionship';(pg.396, Ambercrombie,Hill,Turner), is a discipline, which is not exclusively independent in and of its self, yet borrows from many other disciplines such as: history, geography, and anthropology. 'American sociology is fundamentally analytical and empirical; it proposes to examine the way of life of individuals in the societies … prefers to explain institutions and structures in terms of the behavior of individuals and the goals, mental states, and motives which determine the behavior of members of various social groups (pg.5,Aron).'; A specialization within Sociology is social stratification. This segment of sociology attempts to deal with the structures of any given society and ones' relationship with the institution. 'Social stratification means that inequality has been hardened or institutionalized, and there is a system of social relationships that determines who gets what, and why (pg.11, Kerbo).'; Through various paradigms, and theories we are able to come to a better understanding of social stratification. The paradigm that is most rational to my understanding of social stratification is the critical-conflict. In this paradigm the state embodies the interests of the "common citizen," and mediates between primitive human desires and the rational need for freedom and well being. Conflict theorists view that definitions of norms and values are also a source of conflict over who has the right to create laws and justice. As a consequence, not only behavior but also power relationships become important topics to study. Unlike the structural-functionalist view of society, which views harmony as the basis of order, conflict theorists see conflict as the natural state of social existence. Despite their critical examination of power relations, conflict theorists tend to accept the fundamental existing social arrangements, and instead of arguing for new social systems tend to argue for rearrangement of existing relations. 'This paradigm (critical-conflict) shares with the uncritical-conflict paradigm an image or model of society that considers conflict and... ...ack the essential tools such as: family name, wealth, and networking opportunities. These tools are utilized to gain access to the training necessary to achieve in a meritocracy like the United States. As the Upper Class and the Corporate Class wonder why those on the bottom are not able to 'pull themselves up by their boot straps'; and find solutions to their social, political, and economic predicament. The people on the bottom are screaming the solutions yet the Upper Class and Corporate Class are turning a deaf ear. Bibliography 1.) Abercrombie, Nicholas; Hill, Stephen; and Turner, Bryan S. The Penguin Dictionary of Sociology. Penguin Books.London: 1984 2.) Aron, Raymond, Main Currents In Sociological Thought. Anchor Books: 1968. 3.) Campbell, Ken. Http://cst.colorado.edu/psn/Marx/bio/Marx-karl/Granat/z.Html March 1,1999. 4.) Kerbo, Harold R., Social Stratification and Inequality: Class Conflict in Historical and Comparative Perspective. McGraw-Hill Companies,Inc. New York: 1996. 5.) McLellan, David., Karl Marx: Selected Writings. Oxford University Press: 1979. 6.) Tumin, M.,'; Some principles of stratification: A critical analysis.'; American Sociological Review, New York:1954

Meditation reflection Essay

In the last 2 months, I was personally struggling to concentrate on my studies due to the emotional turmoil. So, I was trying some ways to calm down my senses and also improve my concentration. Therefore, I was hoping to learn various techniques of controlling mind from the meditation class so that I could develop high level of concentration. One thing crossed my mind before the class is the feeling of insecurity and nervousness, mainly because of the fact that I am unable to open up with people in first meeting. I was also concerned about any negative effects in case I fail to follow all the rules of meditation. So, I attended the meditation class with a definite purpose of learning the process of developing a focused mind and ability to enhance my concentration level. The class i attend is offered on GW campus, and our instructor is Professor Malfitano on Friday from 1:00pm- 2:50 pm. The meditation class was not emotionally or physically challenging for me. In fact, the meditation process that was taught in the class did not involve any rigorous physical activities. Moreover, the techniques that were taught for meditation were easy to understand and enjoyable. I felt relaxed and happy during and post meditation class. All the nervousness and insecurity shaded away as the ambience was quite soothing and fellow classmates were quite friendly and welcoming. At the beginning of the class, I thought of learning only about certain techniques of meditation; however at the end I learned a lot of theoretical knowledge, techniques and specific outcomes related to meditation. I found out that the power of meditation is potentially high and its efficacy is far reaching in long-term perspective. Only with the aid of meditation, one can even change the course of life towards betterment. Therefore, the first session of the meditation turned out to be comprehensive and highly beneficial. All in all, I would say that the meditation class was quite effective in changing my internal thoughts, my apprehensions and belief system. In fact, the course exhibited immense potential of offering physical and emotional benefits in the long run. After attending the class I realized, that if I continue to practice meditation on regular basis, soon I will be able to concentrate on my studies. Since the first class of meditation turned out to be beneficial, I decided to go there on a regular basis. Therefore, my decision to continue with the meditation is defined as I firmly believe practicing techniques  will enable me to enhance power to control my mind. I believe that if I am able to control unwanted stray thought process of my mind I will develop the capability to counter any impediment of life. Thus, positive benefits associated to meditation have made me enthusiastic about it. Besides, one of the major benefits of meditation is that it is an effective stress management tool. Meditation enables any individual to know about controlled breathing techniques and in turn lowers blood pressure and emotional stress. For people of present modern world, leading a very busy and complex lifestyle, meditation indeed turns out to be an effective stress-management intervention.

Pet Identification essays

Pet Identification essays Have you ever lost a pet? If you have you know that it is a long drawn out process of telephone calls to the shelter, making photocopies of fliers, and distributing the fliers around town. This may be a problem for you, but think of it on a larger scale, of all of the pets that are lost. Believe it or not, there is a huge problem today with over crowded animal shelters. As a matter of fact, the United States the rate at which lost pets are returned to their owner is only 14%. This creates a huge number of animals that are left unidentified and unclaimed. Because of the mass number of animals, the shelters have had to compensate by euthanising these animals. In fact, more than 26,000 animals where euthanized in Oklahoma City alone last year, and an estimated 20 million in America. If your not careful, your pet could be one of the 26,000 next year. Besides the overwhelming numbers of animals in the shelters due to not spaying or neutering animals, one cause is the inefficiency of the current identification system. The most common forms of identification are tags and tattoos. These methods fail though. First of all, the tags are usually held on by a flimsy aluminum ring and are attached to collars. When the dog escapes the back yard, and is running around the neighborhood it is easy to see that the tags usually fall off or the collars break while they are going through trees or under fences. Tattoos, on the other hand, are more permanent and seem like a logical solution to the plan. Unfortunately they are as inefficient though. Unlike cattle identification where the brand must be located on the back right thigh, there is no specific location where the tattoo must be located on small animals. Plus dogs and cats are much hairier, and when dirty, it is almost impossible to see their skin much less a tattoo, if they even hav e one. Therefore, tattoos are hard to see, hard to read, and even harder to recognize. Using it as a w...

pearl harbor a suprise or not essays

pearl harbor a suprise or not essays Knowledge that was not passed on and Miscommunication before December 7th Prior to December 7th there were many warnings and letters given to the military saying there was possible plan of attack on Pearl Harbor very few of these letters were actually received by the military. On November 27, the Chief of Naval Operations sent a letter to Lt. Layton concerning the possibility of imminent attacks on Pearl Harbor Refer to my 272338 {the naval sabotage warning}. Army has sent following to commander western defense command. Negotiations with Japan appear to be terminated to all practical purposes with only the barest possibilities that the Japanese Government might come back and offer to continue. Japanese future action unpredictable but hostile action possible at any moment. If hostilities cannot repeat not be avoided the United States desires that Japan commit the first overt act.... Prior to hostile Japanese action you are directed to undertake such reconnaissance and other measures as you deem necessary but these measures should be carried out so as not to repeat not to alarm civilian population...Undertake no offensive action until Japan has committed an overt act....1 This was one of the few letters that Layton received. Shortly after receiving this letter, Layton saw the Army begin to get ready, troops started moving as well as trucks: I though I saw weapons moving into the street and I presumed that they were going into full condition of readiness, including the emplacement of anti-aircraft and other mobile weapons around Pearl Harbor.2 Layton received other signals in addition to these, some confirming war within a few days and others saying war was going to happen in South East Asia. None of the signals, however, were passed on to military officials who could have used this information. One man who needed the information was McCollum. He received the above letter on December 1st 1941. Captain W.A. Heard...

5 Cases of Excessive Commas

5 Cases of Excessive Commas 5 Cases of Excessive Commas 5 Cases of Excessive Commas By Mark Nichol The rules about commas can seem so complicated and contradictory that writers can (almost) be forgiven for tossing in an extra one or two. Here are several examples of overly generous deployment of commas. 1. â€Å"If a killer asteroid was, indeed, incoming, a spacecraft could, in theory, be launched to nudge the asteroid out of Earth’s way, changing its speed and the point of intersection.† This thirty-word sentence is littered with six commas one for every five words five of them appearing before the halfway point. By simply bending the rule about bracketing interjections with commas a rule that advocates of open punctuation flout routinely anyway the number is reduced by two, rendering the sentence more free flowing: â€Å"If a killer asteroid was indeed incoming, a spacecraft could, in theory, be launched to nudge the asteroid out of Earth’s way, changing its speed and the point of intersection.† One more comma can be eliminated by relocating the parenthetical phrase â€Å"in theory† to an earlier position in the sentence, so that the comma after incoming does double duty: â€Å"If a killer asteroid was indeed incoming, in theory, a spacecraft could be launched to nudge the asteroid out of Earth’s way, changing its speed and the point of intersection.† 2. â€Å"The metaphor, ‘The world is a machine,’ began to replace the metaphor, ‘The world is a living organism.’† In this sentence, the comma preceding each instance of metaphor implies that that metaphor is the only one not just in the sentence, but anywhere. (But two metaphors are expressed here, and innumerable others exist.) Metaphor, appearing in apposition to the two brief quotations, should not be set off from them: â€Å"The metaphor ‘The world is a machine’ began to replace the metaphor ‘The world is a living organism.’† 3. â€Å"The event is part of a catchy, public health message about the importance of emergency preparedness.† Catchy and â€Å"public health† are not coordinate adjectives. The point is not that the message is catchy and public health; it’s that the public health message is catchy. Therefore, no comma is necessary: â€Å"The event is part of a catchy public health message about the importance of emergency preparedness.† If, by contrast, the sentence read, for example, â€Å"The event is part of a catchy, quirky message about the importance of emergency preparedness,† note that because catchy and quirky are parallel they are coordinate adjectives a comma should separate them. 4. â€Å"The report was completed in December, 2012.† A comma is necessary between a month and a year only if a date is specified (â€Å"The report was completed on December 1, 2012†): â€Å"The report was completed in December 2012.† (The same rule applies when the name of a season appears in place of the name of a month: â€Å"The report was completed in fall 2012.†) 5. â€Å"Jones traveled by boxcar from California to New York with fellow fledgling artist, John Smith, sketching the American landscape along the way.† Commas are necessary with this type of apposition only if the epithet is preceded by an article (â€Å"Jones traveled by boxcar from California to New York with a fellow fledgling artist, John Smith, sketching the American landscape along the way†): â€Å"Jones traveled by boxcar from California to New York with fellow fledgling artist John Smith sketching the American landscape along the way.† Unfortunately, this type of error has gone viral its ubiquity is mistaken for propriety and is seemingly ineradicable. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:"Because Of" and "Due To" 8 Types of Parenthetical Phrases7 Sound Techniques for Effective Writing

Electronic Commerce and Internet Law in Canada Assignment - 1

Electronic Commerce and Internet Law in Canada - Assignment Example The researcher states that under Canadian law, a copyright owner has the right to choose between actual damages or statutory damages under the Copyright Act. Actual damages will be the amount lost as a result of infringement and statutory damages can expose Jane to liability for $20,000 for each individual program that has been illegally copied. Online contracting in Novia Scotia is regulated by the Electronic Commerce Act, which adopts the Uniform Electronic Commerce Act of Canada (UECA). Additionally, the UECA adopts the United Nations 1996 Model Law on Electronic Commerce and the Novia Scotia’s Electronic Commerce Act (2000) is nearly identical to the UECA model. In the current scenario, the central issue of contention is whether Melvin is bound by the contract. The fundamental issues impacting online contracting are the common law concepts of offer, acceptance, and jurisdiction. Indeed Scassa & Deturbide highlight the central questions in online contracting being as follow s: â€Å"Is an owner of a web site merely soliciting offers, or is an offer being made that is capable of being accepted? When and where is acceptance made? What impact do electronic agents have on the offer and acceptance paradigm?†. Additionally, Section 20(1) of the UECA as embodied in the Electronic Commerce Act (2000) acknowledges that online interactive forms of communication constitute binding contracts. Moreover, online contracts are now completely recognized by Canadian courts in contractual disputes.

Working women more likely to seek divorce Research Paper

Working women more likely to seek divorce - Research Paper Example me than their husbands will be less tolerant to low-quality marriage and, therefore, the divorce rates in this section of the society would be higher. Various possible reasons for divorce like age, employment status, education level, wage and salary have been taken into consideration for the purpose of the study. Since the dependent variable in the study is dichotomous, probit regression has been used. The odds ratio has been calculated and analyzed for each of the stated variables. Since time immemorial, the man of the house has been considered as the bread earner for the family while the woman has been assigned the task of managing the household chores. However, over the years there has been a definite rise in the number of women constituting the country’s labor force. There are two schools of thought women’s participation in the workforce. While one view, backed by empirical studies, suggests that this increased participation of women in workforce has led to increase in divorce rates, the other school of thought opines that there is no material impact on divorce rates by such participation. People who subscribe to the latter view contend that women adjust their working hours and balance their personal and professional lives to avoid incidence of divorce. The study aims to check if working women who have an income equivalent or more than their husbands’ tend to become so broadminded that they shun a low-quality marriage. Thus, the divorce rates in this section would be higher. There is empirical evidence that suggests that once a woman leaves the threshold of the house and ventures out to work, it reduces the efficiency on the household front. At the same time, her employment bestows on her financial independence (Becker 1981). This study established that if the woman felt that the time spent by her at home was practically of no value, she would go in for a job. Becker, in his study, compared the age and wage rate profiles of men and women and carried

Apple Case Study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Apple Case Study - Essay Example The security of the employees is highly enhanced at Apple such that they are not free to shed light to the outsiders on what goes on inside the company. Apple’s CEO, Tim Cook leadership style is described as a methodical and no-nonsense style. He makes tough decisions to be followed by the employees. If Tim Cook continues to be the CEO, negative comments upon him will not change because he is very ruthless to employees at work and has fired a company head of iOS development that had launched the iOS for the consumers. If I am a highly qualified software developer, I would like to work with Apple despite the harsh treatment of employees because they promote and secure the innovativeness of employees which is my dream career in designing the best software in the world. According to Apple’s vision statement, employees are ranked as creators of structures and systems in order to ensure that the products produced can fully satisfy the consumers. Apple has introduced digital music revolution with iPods, iTunes and iPads which has given the consumers future expectations of high tech devices. The strategic plan of Apple in identifying the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of the company in future is a good take since it will improve its interaction with the consumers through introduction of more retail outlets (Hitt, Hoskisson and Ireland, 2013). Apple’s business philosophy of following the loyal customers and management of human resources has been the key objective during Steve Jobs leadership and today when Cook is the CEO. The business philosophy seems to be the same even after Cook took over from Jobs may be because Cook at this moment is struggling to follow the footsteps of his predecessor. The commanding of employees at work seems to be the same as that of Jobs. Lashinsky view on the Apple’s organizational structure seems better than the Apple’s 10K because it focuses on division of labor which increases

Texas Education Budget Cuts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Texas Education Budget Cuts - Essay Example The expression describes an act of desperation; a deal with the devil done to provide short-term relief that merely forestalls a now-guaranteed disastrous long-term consequence, for it turns temporary hunger pangs into inevitable starvation. To eat the next year’s seeds is to fail to invest in the future. It is myopic generational theft that insidiously steals from tomorrow by mortgaging the future. Such is the same with Texas’ ill-conceived plan to cut public school budgets. We’ve all heard the mantra that the future is high-tech and in Texas, even traditionally low-tech industries like oil exploration have gone high-tech. According to Southwest Economy: The history of Texas lies in cattle and oil. But increasingly, the future of the state is becoming linked with the ever-evolving high-tech industry. High-tech employment has grown more than twice as fast in Texas as it has in the nation during the 1990s...The high-tech expansion has had an indirect impact on the state's economy by keeping other industries humming [...] One of the best examples of the indirect effects is the impact on the state's construction and real estate industries.

Interior Design Research Proposal Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Interior Design - Research Proposal Example Introduction Environment Design is basically a learning milieu where design graduates are encouraged to use their innovative and inventive talent in the management and marketing of design in order to pursue their careers in the design industry. â€Å"Lighting is a science and an art†, assert Steffy (2002:1). There have been numerous developments in lighting design recently which make it an interesting topic of research. Professional lighting designers are required today since they are being offered various job opportunities in the lighting industry. There are a number of lighting design consultancies which are offering outstanding lighting schemes to its consumers and organizations like landmark hotels, restaurants, shopping spas, exhibitions, yachts, house gardens, etc. Steffy (2002:1) affirms that nearly $10 billion worth lighting hardware is sold in the United States every year. The research will focus on questions like: How rapid has the lighting design industry flourished during the last decade? Which areas of lighting design are more in demand? What particular kinds of designs are more in demand from consumers’ perspectives? What benefits has it offered to different international lighting design companies? Is the trend increasing, decreasing or is consistent? What are the hard and soft issues that arise in different lighting fields such as in interiors, exhibitions, theatre, and garden projects? What are the costs? How does lighting weigh on the companies’ budget? These issues have inspired me to conduct a research about lighting design in today’s design industry. Literature Review Sources. Some sources that are going to be helpful in the research are: Karlen, M, & Benya, J 2004, Lighting Design Basics, illustrated edn., John Wiley and sons, USA. (This book is helpful in understanding the basic science that is involved in lighting design. It is a good study guide for beginners helping them understand through concise and visual lesson format.) Tregenza, P, & Loe, D, The Design of Lighting, illustrated edn., Taylor & Francis, USA. (This book has been written for practicing designers and thus will be a helpful guide in understand what issues practicing lighting designer face. Technicalities regarding lighting and color theories and other concepts have been discussed in detail.) Past Research Papers. Some past research that will be helpful is: Dorsey, J, Arvo, J, & Greenberg, D 1995, ‘Interactive design of complex time dependent lighting’, Computer Graphics and Applications, vol. 15, no, 2, pp. 26-36. (Researchers conducted a research about lighting design in theatrical productions. They have discussed some specific techniques that help in lighting regardless of complexities of scene and design. This research will prove helpful in understanding lighting concepts in theatres.) Shacked, R, & Lischinski, D 2002, ‘Automatic lighting design using a perceptual quality metric’, Computer Gra phics Forum, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 215-227. (This presents a new approach for the rendering of 3D objects. This approach serves as an effective lighting design tool. This research will prove to be helpful in understanding lighting design tools and their working.) Methodology I plan to visit different lighting design companies to locate answers to my research questions. I plan to conduct structured personal

E-mail and social media investigations Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

E-mail and social media investigations - Article Example Pharming involves a hacker installing a spiteful code on a private computer or one’s server that later redirects to a webpage that was not expected and smishing involves the use of text messages to entice customers (Van, 2013). The advantages of circular logging is that it helps provide recovery from any transaction failure or any form of system crash through that may occur (Van, 2013). The logs are retained until the integrity of the current transactions is ensured. The disadvantage, however, is that it is difficult to restore the database and roll it forward in case a failure occurs. When investigating an e-mail abuse, one needs to detect how the server registers and handles the email upon receiving it. This is because the e-mail can either in the form of a flat file or the users’ e-mail (Van, 2013). The information available on social media may be used in investigation, since social media acts a snitch (Van, 2013). The information can be used through scrolling through the current updates and the feeds that the site might have. This means that the sites can be used as crime detection partners through provision of evidence. Proof of integrity and validity can be accessed through finding the origin of the report and the reporters of the same (Van,

Texas Education Budget Cuts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Texas Education Budget Cuts - Essay Example The expression describes an act of desperation; a deal with the devil done to provide short-term relief that merely forestalls a now-guaranteed disastrous long-term consequence, for it turns temporary hunger pangs into inevitable starvation. To eat the next year’s seeds is to fail to invest in the future. It is myopic generational theft that insidiously steals from tomorrow by mortgaging the future. Such is the same with Texas’ ill-conceived plan to cut public school budgets. We’ve all heard the mantra that the future is high-tech and in Texas, even traditionally low-tech industries like oil exploration have gone high-tech. According to Southwest Economy: The history of Texas lies in cattle and oil. But increasingly, the future of the state is becoming linked with the ever-evolving high-tech industry. High-tech employment has grown more than twice as fast in Texas as it has in the nation during the 1990s...The high-tech expansion has had an indirect impact on the state's economy by keeping other industries humming [...] One of the best examples of the indirect effects is the impact on the state's construction and real estate industries.

E-mail and social media investigations Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

E-mail and social media investigations - Article Example Pharming involves a hacker installing a spiteful code on a private computer or one’s server that later redirects to a webpage that was not expected and smishing involves the use of text messages to entice customers (Van, 2013). The advantages of circular logging is that it helps provide recovery from any transaction failure or any form of system crash through that may occur (Van, 2013). The logs are retained until the integrity of the current transactions is ensured. The disadvantage, however, is that it is difficult to restore the database and roll it forward in case a failure occurs. When investigating an e-mail abuse, one needs to detect how the server registers and handles the email upon receiving it. This is because the e-mail can either in the form of a flat file or the users’ e-mail (Van, 2013). The information available on social media may be used in investigation, since social media acts a snitch (Van, 2013). The information can be used through scrolling through the current updates and the feeds that the site might have. This means that the sites can be used as crime detection partners through provision of evidence. Proof of integrity and validity can be accessed through finding the origin of the report and the reporters of the same (Van,

Education Vision Essay Example for Free

Education Vision Essay I believe that all students should be held to the same standards of education. While there should always be accommodations for an individual students strengths, weaknesses and learning style, there should also be a universal set of criteria by which a students progress is measured. While those standards may sometimes seem exacting to the students expected to meet them, they are far less demanding than what is required of todays workers in an economy where competition has become global. An innovative and creative spirit has become in the last twenty years something that is generally expected of everyone rather than something only expected of the exceptional, a solid foundation in the basic elements of education, math and reading have become ever-more vital to succeeding in the modern world. Where education is concerned, I have found that creativity and innovation can oftentimes be fostered by the experience of overcoming challenges and, thereby, attaining a justified belief in ones own abilities. A student who is taught to take pride in their work and, especially, to take pride is turning a failure into a success is someone likely to succeed in a world where competition is fierce and belief in ones self is the most advantageous thing. Where the application of standards are concerned, I believe that any leader in an educational setting must be held to high standards just as are the students. By holding myself accountable to the highest standards, I gain the legitimacy to expect the same of my students and the ability to inspire them to do more than they may have thought possible. The position of a leader is one that is at least partially earned by gaining credibility in the eyes of those whom I am charged to lead. This can best be accomplished by setting an example; by continually challenging myself with new ideas and new situations while at the same time having the conviction to stand by those practices that have proven effective over time. Having worked as a teacher and a teachers assistant in various settings for the past five years, I have learned that both students and educators must never loose touch with their essential humanity and that empathy must always accompany high expectations. When a student knows that their teachers understand the hardships they face but still expect them to perform at a level of excellence, the student can be assured that they are not being driven unreasonably but are only expected to perform at the level their teachers know that student can achieve. Where sympathy and lowered expectations are really forms of condescension, empathy and high expectations communicate to a student that their instructor has not only high hopes for their student, but also a sincere and justified respect for their students potential. I have always felt a visceral connection and genuine responsibility for the successes and failures of my students. I hope to always be there to help my students experience the satisfaction of success and of overcoming failure.

Efficient market hypothesis

Efficient market hypothesis Introduction: From the last several decades the efficiency of stock market has been the sole purpose of research studies. As a result, several theories have been introduced and implemented in relation to principally how the competition in the stock market will force the known information into the prices of securities. The knowledge of information on a variety of securities that are traded in the market is one of the major factors in influencing the movements of stock market. In the stock market, a securities price tends to move rise and fall depending mainly on the availability of the information. The stock prices in the efficient market correspond to available information and therefore register any rise or fall mainly when recent and unpredictable information is available. The up and down in the security prices largely depends upon the advantages and disadvantages associated with the available information and to what extent it will affect the companys performance which is represented by the secur ity. As it is very difficult to tell whether the information available is useful or not, in the same way it is quite impossible to make predictions about the trend of the stock market, such that whether there will be an upward or downward trend in the near future by using the available information. In the financial market it is not mandatory that all professionals related to market always possess the information about the securities and have skills to evaluate this information for their gain. The only thing the efficient market requires is that few individuals must have the information about securities and as a result of the information supplied by them, the whole market must be well informed and benefitted. Hence the available information plays an important role in determining the efficiency of the stock market. By focussing on the above idea, the concept of Efficient Market Hypothesis has been developed and became one of the most concentrated and debatable topic among professionals and people related to finance and stock market studies. RESEARCH AIM: The main aim of my research is to analyse the efficiency of stock market supported by the concept of Efficient Market Hypothesis. It also aims to depict the impact of the Efficient Market Hypothesis on security trading by reviewing the available literature. RESEARCH QUESTIONS: My research aims to answer the following questions: To what extent the available information, according to the concept of Efficient Market Theory, affects the security trading in stock market. What is insider trading and its impact on the efficiency of stock market. What are the various types of anomalies associated with the stock market and their effect on the stock market efficiency. LITERATURE REVIEW: In this part of my research paper I will re-examine the existing literature on the anomalies and the efficiency of the stock market. An efficient market is defined as a market where there are large numbers of rational, profit-maximizers actively competing, with each trying to predict future market values of individual securities, and where important current information is almost freely available to all participants. In an efficient market, competition among the many intelligent participants leads to a situation where, at any point in time, actual prices of individual securities already reflect the effects of information based both on events that have already occurred and on events which, as of now, the market expects to take place in the future. In other words, in an efficient market at any point in time the actual price of a individual securities already reflect the effects of information based both on events that have already occurred and on events which, as of now, the market expects to take place in the future. In other words, in an efficient market at any point in time the actual price of a security will be a good estimate of its intrinsic value.(Eugene F. Fama 1965) According to the Efficient Market Hypothesis, given by Fama, the ups and downs in the prices of securities in the financial market totally reflect known information at a specified period of time. In other words, Efficient Market Hypothesis states that the trading of securities by the individuals is always carried out purely based on the assumption that securities worth are always more or less than the price offer by market. Whereas, trading of securities trying to outperform the stock market will be luck instead of professional skills if current prices fully reflect all available information as well as stock markets are efficient. According to this hypothesis if new information is revealed about a firm it will be incorporated into the share price rapidly and rationally, with respect to the direction of the share price movement and the size of that movement. (Elearn -NetTel) . Efficiency is an unclear word in itself so for more clarification, in my dissertation, I will describe all ty pes of efficiencies: operational, allocation and pricing. I will also give full detail on levels of market efficiency : weak-form efficiency, semi-strong form efficiency and strong-form efficiency. According Random walk theory , there are no trends and format that are being followed by the prices of securities in stock market. There is another fact given by this theory which says that the prices of securities in the past can not be useful for future predictions and fluctuation in prices. The Efficient Market Hypothesis and anomalies related to the stock market developed by the researchers always contrasts with each other. The search for anomalies is effectively the search for systems or patterns that can be used to outperform passive and/or buy-and-hold strategies. (Invest Home). With the invention of any anomaly, there is always a kind of exploitation by the investors of the anomalies discovered in order to increase their profit. This practice make the anomaly disappear with the passage of time. There are so many internal and external factors of the entities that affects the operations of stock market and those factors are often known as Anomalies which plays an important role in over performing or under performing the operations of the stock market by taking into consideration the fact that these anomalies have good or bad effect on the prices of stocks and entities. There are different types of anomalies and some of the anomalies are discussed. Fundamental Anomalies: First type of anomaly is fundamental anomaly which basically depends upon the price of the stock and on the past performance of the entity due to which stock prices rises or fall. Several anomalies of these kinds exist related to the growth, present value and profitability of the companies concerned. Under fundamental anomaly, there exist a most historical and famous anomaly named Value investing and is regarded as the most appropriate strategy for investment purposes. These anomalies depend on the stock value and companys performance based on which the stock prices go up or down. A technique used is to divide the given index into high price and low price to book value stocks. The low price to book concept was developed by Eugene Fama and Keneth French favouring the hypothesis that lower risk is attached to value stocks whereas the stocks with growth are attached with higher risk. According to another anomaly named as low price to sales, stocks with low price to sales ratio perform b etter then high price to sales ratio. According to James P. O Shaughnesey, prices are the only strongest determinant of excessive return. There are several studies which advocates that stocks having low P/E ratio always perform better in the market as compared to stocks with high P/E ratios. In the same manner, the stocks with high dividend yield are better performers than stocks with low dividend yields. There are some other stocks named as neglected stock and are chosen by those with the contrarian strategy. A study was conducted by F.M DeBondtand Richard Thaler on 35 best and worst performer stocks between 1932 and 1977 in New York Stock Exchange and came out with the result that the performance of best performer stocks in the stock exchange falls whereas the stocks with bad performance in the past showed better results when compared to the results of the same stock in the past. Technical Anomalies: Another types of anomalies in which past prices and statistics are used to predict the prices of securities are known as technical anomalies. The techniques used in these types of anomalies include strategies related to support and resistance, moving averages and strength. Some researchers are against the method of technical analysis and say that the investors are hardly benefitted from these technical analysis techniques where as some researchers argue that there is enough evidence and facts that are sufficient to say that the technical analysis method is favourable for the investors. According to technical analysts, the selling of stocks is influenced by the resistance level whereas the buying is influenced at the support level. A signal to sell the stock is developed in case the support level is penetrated by the price whereas a signal to buy the stock is produced in case price penetrated the resistance level. According to the conclusion made by William Brock, Josef Lakonishok, an d Blake LeBaron, the outcomes are reliable with technical rules having forecasting power. But at the same time the cost related to transaction must be taken into account before implementing such concepts and strategies. Another conclusion given by them says that the stock returns generating is more complicated and different process as compared to the results obtained by conducting different studies and researches using various linear models. Calendar Anomalies: Calendar anomaly is another type of anomaly in which various effects are included. In January effect, general and small stocks perform abnormally better in the month of January. Philippe Jorion and Robert Haugen say that, the January effect is, perhaps the best-known example of anomalous behaviour in security markets throughout the world. An interesting fact about January effect is that it lasted for nearly two decades whereas any anomaly hardly survive as traders start taking advantage of the anomalies which results in vanishing of anomaly. Another effect named Turn of the Month was founded by Chris R. Hensel and William T. Ziemba, according to which, in between period 1928 to 1993, the returns for the turn of the month performed well and considerably greater than normal performance. According to study, those investors who make regular purchases may be benefitted if they make schedule to do the purchasing at the end and prior to the starting of next month. In addition to these effec ts another effect is known as Monday effect and is considered to be the worst day in stock market if investments are made on this day. According to study conducted by Lawrence Harris, the week end effect occurs during first 45 minutes of buying and selling whereas prices shows upward trend during the first 45 minutes of trading on all other days. This kind of anomaly may occur due to moods and behaviour of people after weekend holidays. Other Anomalies There are certain other facts that are responsible for affecting the operations of stock market. The size effect, announcement based effect, IPOs, Stock buybacks, insider transactions and S and P game. According to Fama and French (1992), the book to market ratio as well as the size capture the cross-sectional variation of average stock returns in NYSE, and Nsdaq securities. A complete investigation of book to market was provided by Tim Loughran in relation to dimensions of firm size, exchange listings etc and experimental findings of French and Fama are basically forwarded by two features of the data which includes relatively low returns on small, new and growing stocks. Srinivas Nippani, Augustine C. Arize study three main US corporate bond market indices by taking into account calendar based anomalies between the years 1982-2002. In the analysis, the whole bond market as well as two broad classes of industries namely industrials and utilities were taken into account. The study find the mixed response for the weekend effect in the overall bond index and industrial index whereas very less response to utilities index. The findings showed definite proof of January effect on the bond market. RESEARCH METHOD AND DATA: Data Collection Methods: The general idea of business research is that it is concerned with collection of data, making questionnaires and then analysing and evaluating the collected data. In addition to this, the identification of problem and the approach needed to solve the problem is also important. (Ghauri et al., 1995). Data sources are often referred to as the carriers of data information. Basically data sources are divided into two categories namely primary data and secondary data. Primary data is concerned with the interviews and observations collected while conducting research project where as, secondary data is collected by others and academic and non academic sources are included in this type of data. In my topic of research which is to study the efficiency of stock market, I want to use the Desk method that is secondary data collection method. This includes the gathering of information from sources like books, journals related to my topic of research, and from electronic media like internet which is one of the major sources of information. These all sources of information will be helpful for the accomplishment of my research. DATA SOURCES: As I have already describe that I will use secondary method in my dissertation so I have to search a lot for this topic and for this search my main resource is FBES (Faculty of Business, Environment and Society) which provides the best online business information services which is also including the digital management library. Some of the main sources (journal databases) for my research area are given below: EBSCO Business Source. Business Source Premiere. Emerald. Science Direct. NetLibrary. Overall these cover hundreds of journals, and give access to up to a million journal articles. EXPECTED OUTCOMES: While reviewing all the information from available literature on efficient market hypothesis, operations of stock market, price fluctuations and the anomalies of stock market, I have come to the conclusion that the following outcomes could be possible and predictable from my research, If the stock market is efficient then no information can play any role in making any change towards the performance of stock market. The efficient market hypothesis is expected to take any of the following forms which are weak, semi-strong and strong which purely depends upon the availability, and trueness of the past and present information about the stock concerned in the stock market. The anomalies like technical anomalies could be of great help to the researchers and analysts to predict the changing trend in the prices of stocks in the stock market but the transaction cost is the cause of concern while using such technical method. There are some other stock market anomalies which purely depend upon the internal and external factors of the entity and may result in fluctuations in the stock market. The anomalies related to stock market exist for short period of time but function against the concept of efficient market hypothesis and in my research I will find out the facts relating to the vibrations in the stock market as a result of these anomalies. LIMITATIONS AND EXPECTED DIFFICULTIES: While conducting my research I have to face certain difficulties and limitations which may occur during the course of my research. As my research involves the collection of secondary data, I have to be quite aware of the limitations that may arise due to the nature of data. Some of the limitations that are possible are as follows It could be possible that the theory and data we collected for our research is unclear and is not helpful for the companies in their decision making. It is important to check the source of the information as it could be wrong and misleading. It is possible that the theory is quite old for studies and research purposes in todays rapidly developing world. The theory may not be fit for application due to development of new and technological methods and techniques used for the analysis. REFERENCES: Chris R. Hensel and William T. Ziemba (1996)Investment Results from Exploiting Turn-of-the-Month Effects, Journal of Portfolio Management 22, 17-23 Elearn NetTel Financial Analysis Revised: Session 1: Market Efficiency [Online] Available From: http://cbdd.wsu.edu/kewlcontent/cdoutput/TR505r/page4.htm Eugene Fama and Kenneth R. French (1992)The Cross-section of Expected Stock Returns, The Journal of Finance 47, 427-465. Eugene F. Fama (1995) Random Walks in Stock Market Prices, Financial Analysts Journal 21, 55-59. Ghauri, P., Gronhaug K and Kristianslund I., (1995) Research methods in business studies a practical guide Hempstead: Prentice Hall Investor Home Historical Stock Market Anomolies [Online] Available From: James P. OShaughnessy (1998) 2nd edn. What Works on Wall Street: A Guide to the Best-Performing Investment Strategies of All Time. New York: McGraw Hills Lawrence Harris (1986) A Transaction Data Study of Weekly and Intradaily Patterns in Stock Returns, Journal of Financial Economics 16, 99-117 Loughran Tim (1997)Book-to-Market across firm Size, Exchange, and seasonality: Is There an Effect? Journal of Finance Quantitative Analysis 32, 249-268 Marc R. Reinganum (1997) The Size Effect: Evidence and Potential Explanations, Investing in Small-Cap and Microcap Securities, Association for Investment Management and Research, 1997. Robert Haugen and Philippe Jorion, (1996)The January Effect: Still There after All These Years, Financial Analysts Journal, January-February 1996. Srinivas Nippani and Anita K. Pennathur (2004) Day-of-the-week effects in commercial paper yield rates. Quaterly Review of economics Finance 44, 508-520 Werner F.M. DeBondtand Richard Thaler (1985)Does the Stock Market Overreact? The Journal of Finance 40, 793-805. Efficient Market Hypothesis Efficient Market Hypothesis Literature Review 2.0 Introduction In order to better understand the origin and the idea behind the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH), the first section deals with an overview of the EMH. Section 2 deals with the Random Walk Model which is a close counterpart of the EMH. We then have examine the different degrees of information efficiency that exist, namely the weak form efficiency, semi-strong form efficiency and the strong form efficiency. In section 4, we have a brief overview of the different types of statistical tests that have been used in the literature to examine the weak form efficiency. Section 5 explains the implications of efficient markets for investors. 2.1 Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) The concept of efficiency is one of the essential concepts in finance. Market efficiency is a term used in many different contexts with many different meanings. Market efficiency involves three related concepts- allocation efficiency, operational efficiency and informational efficiency. Allocation efficiency: A characteristic of an efficient market in which capital is allocated in a way that benefits all participants. It occurs when organizations in the public and private sectors can obtain funding for the projects that will be the most profitable, thereby promoting economic growth Operational efficiency: A marketcondition that exists when participants can execute transactions and receive services at a price that fairly equates to the actual costs required to provide them.Economists use this term to describe the way resources are employed to facilitate the operation of the market. It is usually desirable that markets carry out their operations at as low a cost as possible. Information efficiency: The actual market price of a share should reflect its intrinsic value. Information efficiency implies that the observed market price of a security reflect all information relevant to the pricing of the security. The investor can manage to earn merely a risk-adjusted return from his investment, as prices move instantaneously and in an unbiased manner to any news. The efficiency in the market for financial assets and assets returns refers here to the information efficiency and should not be confused with the other types of efficiency. As explained by Rahman and Hossain (2006): For a stock market to be efficient, stock prices must always fully reflect all relevant and available information. This definition can be expressed as Æ’(Ri,t, Rj,t à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ | à Ã¢â‚¬  M t-1) = Æ’( Ri,t, Rj,t à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ | à Ã¢â‚¬  M t-1, à Ã¢â‚¬  a t-1), where Æ’(.) = a probability distribution function, Ri,t = the return on security i in period t, à Ã¢â‚¬  M t-1 = the information set used by the market at t à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 1, à Ã¢â‚¬  a t-1 = the specific information item placed in the public domain at t à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" 1. This equation has two important implications. 1. Specific information item at t-1 (à Ã¢â‚¬  a t-1) cannot be used to earn non zero abnormal return. 2. When a new information item is added to the information set à Ã¢â‚¬  M, it is instantaneously reflected on market prices. The concept of market efficiency was first introduced by Bachelier (1900). Since then, there has been many studies like Working (1934), Cowles and Jones (1937), Kendall (1953), Cootner (1964). However it was Fama (1965) who first used termed it as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“efficient marketà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . Fama (1970) later stated the sufficient but not necessary conditions for efficiency: i. there are no transaction costs in trading securities; ii. all available information is costlessly available to all market participants, and iii. all agree on the implications of current information for the current price and distributions of future prices of each security He also identified three degrees of informational efficiency namely the weak form, the semi-strong form and the strong form. 2.2 Random Walk Model (RWM) The Random Walk Model is a close counterpart of the Efficient Market Hypothesis. The model was originally examined by Kendall (1953). It states that stock price fluctuations are independent of each other and have the same probability distribution. Thus the Random Walk theory suggests that stock price change randomly, making it impossible to predict stock prices. The Random Walk Model is linked to the belief that markets are efficient and that investors cannot beat or predict the market because stock prices reflect all available information and the new information arises randomly. As mentioned in Fama (1970) the two hypotheses constituting the Random Walk Model , that is (i) successive price changes are independent and (ii) successive changes are identically distributed, are implicitly assumed in the Efficient Market Hypothesis. The Random Walk Model is in direct opposition to technical analysis, which suggests that a stocks future price can be forecasted based on historical information through observing chart patterns and technical indicators. 2.3 Forms of Market Efficiency 2.3.1 Weak-Form Efficiency Fama (1970) stipulates that no investor can earn excess returns by formulating trading strategies based on historical price or return information in a weak-form efficient market. The weak-form efficiency thus assumes that the price of a stock fully reflects all information contained in past prices, that is the historical sequence of prices, rate of returns and other historical market information. A weak-form efficient market implies that it is of no use to engage in technical analysis that use past prices alone to find undervalued stocks. In order to test whether past share prices can be used to predict future share prices( that is, weak-form efficiency), statistical or econometric tests can be used. These studies seek to study the evolution of share prices from one period to the next period and try to detect correlation between the successive price changes. Technical analysts study the evolution of past share prices, with the aim of predicting share prices to make gains. 2.3.2 Semi-Strong Form Efficiency Fama (1970) described the semi-strong form efficiency as one where share price fully reflect all information contained not only in past prices but all public information. All public information includes capital market information as used in the weak form Efficient Market Hypothesis(EMH) as well as non-market information such as earnings, dividend announcements, price earnings ratio, information about the economy and political news (Reilly1997). New public information is almost instantaneously integrated in share price and the share price is adjusted so as to reflect the true value of the share. This means that an investor cannot use public information to generate gains on the stock market. In order to test for semi-strong form efficiency, event studies are often used. These event studies are performed by analyzing the effect of the release of new public information on the share price. If the market is semi-strong form efficient, the new public information ( for example annual reports, earning announcement or dividend announcement) is instantaneously integrated in the share price, so as to reflect the intrinsic value of the share. New information can be both good or bad. Thus they can cause increases or decreases at their release. 2.3.3 Strong Form Efficiency Under strong form efficiency, the current price reflects all information, public as well as private. Private information, in this context, means information not yet published. On the stock market, there are professionals (for example security analysts, fund managers) who have private as well as public information. Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) assumes that no investor has monopolistic access to any information. This means that as new public and private information is released, it is incorporated in share price to reflect its true value. An investor will not be able to consistently find undervalued or overvalued shares and make gains on the strong form efficient market. Fama (1970) perceives a strong form efficient market as one where investors are not expected to earn excess returns by relying on inside information. To test whether past share prices, public and private information can used to predict future share prices, the investment records and gains generated by professional investors are often studied. Investors should not be consistently able to make gains by using public and private information. At all moments, the share prices incorporate all public and private information to reflect the true value of the shares. 2.4 Statistical Tests to examine validity of Weak-Form EMH In order to examine the validity of the weak form efficiency, a number of statistical tests have been used in the literature. These tests can be categorized into two groups: i. Using mechanical trading rules also known as filter rules. These rules test for the possibility of non-linear dependence existing in the price data. Filter rules were first used by S.A Alexander (1961) and later Fama and Blume (1966) added to the literature. Professor Alexanders filter techniques attempts to apply a sophisticated criteria to identify movements in stock prices. An x percent filter is defined as follows: If the daily closing price of a particular security moves up at least x percent, buy and hold the security until its price moves down at least x percent from a subsequent high, then sell and go short (Fama and Blume, 1966). The short position is then maintained until the daily closing price rises at least x percent above a subsequent low when one is going to cover and buy. Moves less than x percent in either direction are ignored. ii. Statistical tests of independence between successive price changes. Serial autocorrelation tests and run tests are among the most popular tests. Some of the researches in this field use Spectral Analysis which decomposes a time series into a spectrum of cycles of different length. This spectral decomposition of a time series yield a spectral density function that measures the contribution of each of the frequency bands to the overall variance of the times series. There is also a relatively new test introduced by Lo and Mackinlay (1988), it is called the Variance Ratio which is based on the heteroscedasticity problem. The basic idea behind the Lo and Mackinlay (1988) variance-ratios test is that if a natural logarithm of a time series is a pure random walk, then, the variance of its k-differences in a finite sample grows linearly with the difference, Let (pt) denote a time series consisting of T observations p1,p2,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦,pT of asset returns. Then, the variance-ratio of the k-th difference, VR(k), is defined as: VR(k)= à Ã†â€™2(k)/à Ã†â€™2(1) where, VR(k) is the variance-ratio of the shares returns k-th differences; à Ã†â€™2(k) is the unbiased estimator of 1/k of the variance of the shares returns k-th differences, under the null hypothesis; à Ã†â€™2(1) is the variance of the first-differenced share returns series, and k is the number of days of base observations interval or lag (Ntim et al. ,2007). 2.5 Implications of EMH Market efficiency has important implications for both investors and authorities. If a market is inefficient, investors should doubt the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“hold the marketà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚  strategy and should try to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“beat the marketà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ . While the authorities on their part should restructure the stock market by enacting effective law and enhancing financial media. The graph below shows the effect of EMH on stock prices. The straight line shows the reaction under EMH while the dotted lines show the over-reaction and under-reaction that occur with the existence of market imperfections. If a market is efficient, investors: 1. should not worry about investment analysis. They should rather concentrate on holding a well diversified portfolio. Investors holding an inefficient diversified portfolio will be exposed to risk which could be avoided and for which they will not be rewarded. In other words, the market only provides return for systematic risk, while specific risks have to be diversified away. 2. Should adopt a buy and hold policy once they have established their portfolios. This is because there is no advantage in changing from one group of securities to another. By doing this, there would be transaction costs which they would have to incur and as a result, the risk-adjusted return would be affected. Altering the composition of a portfolio can only be justified a) if the risk exposure has changed due to relative changes in the market value of the constituent securities. b) if tax payments can be minimized. Other implications of EMH are: Price changes are random and unpredictable Investors are not easily fooled by the glossy financial reports or à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"creative accounting techniques Timing of new issues of securities are not important since prices represent the intrinsic and will reflect the degree of risk in the share. Thus under EMH neither fundamental nor technical analysis can be used to achieve superior gains. Investors should concentrate on constructing and holding efficiently diversified portfolios. 2.6 Empirical Evidences Based on the literature, it can be seen that there are two competing schools of thoughts about market efficiency. The first school argues that markets are efficient and as a result, returns cannot be predicted. For example early studies (Working, 1934; Kendall, 1943, 1953; Cootner, 1962; Osborne, 1962; Fama, 1965) on developed markets support the weak form efficiency of the market with a low degree of serial correlation and transaction cost. The studies in this school of thought, support the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) and show that price changes could not be used to forecast future price changes, especially after transaction costs were taken into account. The second school, on the other hand, provides empirical evidence of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"anomalies that contradict the theory of efficient markets. Some of these studies are Summers (1986), Keim (1988), Fama and French (1988), Lo and MacKinlay (1988) and Poterba and Summers (1988). They found some à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"anomalies, which could not be explained by the theory of Fama (1965). Some of the market anomalies that they found are: January Effect/Turn of The Year Effect Stock returns are usually abnormally high during the first few days of January. The January effect occurs because many investors choose to sell some of their stock right before the end of the year in order to claim a capital loss for tax purposes. Then they quickly reinvest their money after the new year, causing stock prices to rise. Rozeff and Kinney (1976) was among the first to prove this market anomaly. Rozeff and Kinney (1976) methodology gives smaller companies greater relative influence than would be true in value-weighted indices where large firms dominate. Subsequent researches (Reinganum, 1983; Roll, 1983, among others) later confirm that the January effect is a small cap phenomenon. Size Effect/Small Firm Effect The Size Effect is the tendency for firms with a small market capitalization to outperform larger companies over the long term. For example Banz (1981) and Reinganum (1981) showed that small-capitalization firms on the New York Stock Exchange (NYSE) earned a return in excess of what would be predicted by the Sharpe (1964) Linter (1965) capital asset-pricing model (CAPM) from 1936-1975. However as mentioned by G.W. Schwert (2003, p.943), it seems that the small-firm anomaly has disappeared since the initial publication of the papers that discovered it. Alternatively, the differential risk premium for small-capitalization stocks has decreased over the years. Weekend Effect/Day of The Week Effect This is a phenomenon in which stock returns on Mondays are often significantly lower than those of the immediately preceding Friday. French (1890) observed this anomaly. He noted that the average return to the Standard and Poors (SP) Composite Portfolio was reliably negative over weekends in the periods 1953-1977. Again, like the size effect, the weekend effect seems to have disappeared, or at least substantially attenuated, since it was first documented in 1980. Value Effect/Price Earnings Ratio Effect The value effect refers to the tendency for stocks with low price earnings ratio to outperform portfolios consisting of stocks with a high price earnings ratio. Basu (1977) shows that investors holding low price earnings ratio portfolio earned higher returns. The existence of market anomalies have important implications. If stock returns do not follow a random process, then it is possible to design profitable trading strategies based on historical information 2.6.1 Empirical Evidences from Developing Countries Despite the large number of empirical studies that have been conducted to test the validity of the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH) in developed countries with booming financial markets, studies to support or dispute the efficiency or inefficiency of the African stock markets are quite limited. There is a small number of empirical studies analyzing emerging African equity markets with regards to weak form of market efficiency test. While some of these studies have analysed single markets ( e.g. Samuels and Yacout 1981; Parkinson 1984; Ayadi 1984; Dickinson and Muragu 1994; Osei 1998; Olowe 1999; Mecagni and Sourial 1999; Asal 2000; Adelegan, 2004; Dewotor and Gborglah, 2004; Ntim et al., 2007), others have analysed groups of countries (e.g. Claessens et al., 1995; Magnusson and Wydick, 2002; Smith et al., 2002; Appiah-Kusi and Menya, 2003; Simons and Laryea, 2004; Jefferis and Smith, 2005). However, while there are only a few empirical studies, their conclusions as to the efficiency and predictability of future stock returns have been mixed. For example Dickinson and Muragu (1994) shows that the Kenyan stock market is weak form efficient, in contrast to the results of Parkinson (1984). Also, most of the existing studies made use of conventional weak form testing techniques such as serial correlation tests. Samuels and Yacout (1981) and Parkinson (1984) were among the first to use serial correlation tests to examine the weak form efficiency on the African continent. Samuels and Yacout analysed the weak form market efficiency in weekly price series of 21 listed Nigerian firms from 1977 to 1979 and provided empirical evidence that the market was efficient. Parkinson on his part, analysed monthly price series of 30 listed Kenyan firms from 1974 to 1978 and rejected the weak form efficiency. Dickinson and Muragu (1994) reinvestigated the Kenyan market by applying run and serial correlation tests to weekly stock price series of 30 listed companies on the Nairobi Stock Exchange and their results were in contrast with Parkinson (1984). They demonstrated that successive price changes are independent of each other for the majority of the companies investigated. Most of the developing countries suffer from the problem of thin trading (Mlambo and Biekpe, 2005). The problems caused by thin trading have been widely acknowledged in financial market researches (e.g., Dimson, 1979; Cohen et al. ,1983; Butler and Simonds, 1987; Lo and Mackinlay, 1990a and b; Bowie, 1994; Muthuswamy and Whaley, 1994) . Fisher (1966) who was the first to identify the bias caused by thin trading in the serial correlation of index returns, explained that recorded prices of securities are not necessarily equal to their underlying theoretical values. This is because when a share does not trade, the price recorded remains the closing price when the share was last traded. However, while most of the African stock markets suffer from thin trading, many existing studies fail to adjust for thin trading. For example recent studies conducted on the Stock Exchange of Mauritius (Appiah-Kusi and Menya, 2003 and Simons and Laryes, 2004) made used of conventional techniques and did not adjust for thin trading. Other studies (Kabba, 1998; Roux and Gilberson, 1978 and Poshawale, 1996) which have examined the behavior of stock price and rejected the weak-form efficiency, have explained that the inefficiency might be due to delay in operations and high transaction cost, thinness of trading and illiquidity in the market.

All the Pretty Horses Essay -- Character Analysis, John Grady

The inevitable outcomes of fate in our lives are like a boundless chain of dominos falling successively. Every action is calculated and deliberate; our lives are a predetermined path that only someone as powerful as God could change. Cormac McCarthy demonstrates both the good and evil that the power of fate brings for his character John Grady in All the Pretty Horses. John Grady’s journey starts in Texas, where he realizes after his grandfather’s death that there isn’t much left for him there. He idealizes a cowboy way of life not found in Texas. He journeys with his buddy Rawlins across the border to Mexico, a lawless desert land where trouble never seems too far away. Fate leads him to a capricious kid named Blevins, whose erratic behavior and rare, expensive, and thought to be stolen horse creates a series of dilemmas for John Grady when he arrives at La Purà ­sima, a Mexican ranch. He finds more than just the cowboy way of life he longs for at the ranch; h e also finds Alejandra, the owner’s attractive daughter. As fate would have it, he falls in love with her, but fate would also have it that their love is forbidden. Matters only get worse when John Grady falls in trouble with law insuring only more chaos. The series of events that Cormac McCarthy writes in All the Pretty Horses are meant to unfold as if the hands of fate put John Grady through all the pain, and suffering to be reborn, matured, and find salvation at the end of journey. The mysterious ways of predestination and fate first occur to push John Grady away from home and towards Mexico. The first â€Å"push† comes when John Grady loses his grandfather: â€Å"He looked at the face so caved and drawn among the fold of the funeral cloth, the yellow mustache, the eyelids paper ... ... and cured of his childish fantasy of a cowboy life. The road to his new found salvation was paved with suffering, but worth all the pain. The author uses fate to unfurl the events in the book so that each builds upon one another, to lead to John Grady’s purpose for suffering: his rebirth. Throughout the book, fate tempts him away from perhaps his morals or the logical decision, because consciously he wouldn’t have made those decisions himself. It’s also through this journey that John Grady finds God- the controller of fate. Despite suffering, John Grady doesn’t develop a bitter relationship, but a closer one with God as God bring him closer to salvation. Still struggling internally with the crimes and events of Mexico, John Grady hasn’t lost his adventurous nature back home in Texas. The book is left with the possibility that yet another adventure awaits him.

Animal Belief :: Philosophy Language Papers

Animal Belief If Mary believes a bone is on the lawn, then she literally believes that, though her belief may be mistaken. But, if her pet Fido rushes up to what is in fact a bit of bone-shaped plastic, then Fido does not believe that there is a bone on the lawn. However, the best explanation for Fido’s behavior may be that he initially believed there was a bone on the lawn. Unless we are methodological or analytical behaviorists, the claim that we can best explain the behavior of dumb animals by treating them as if they literally held beliefs (and desires) subject to various rationality constraints is hardly surprising. I argue that this instrumentalism does not support the realist view that dumb animals are literally to be credited with beliefs. In particular, I focus on Davidson’s argument that a creature can have beliefs only if it can be the interpreter of the speech of another. Davidson’s argument, which has not won wide acceptance, is the most subtle examination to date of the relation between belief and language. I examine the premises of his argument, indicate two major criticisms, and attempt to defend his conclusion that dumb animals lack beliefs by adducing supporting arguments. This paper is concerned with the problem of whether non-language-using creatures literally have beliefs, rather than with the question as to whether it is predictively useful to ascribe beliefs to them. The answer to this latter question is plainly in the affirmative. The issue of belief-attribution to dumb animals is a narrow form of a more general problem, the problem of whether dumb animals can literally be credited with thoughts. Still, it is reasonable to focus on the case of belief since it lies, as it were, at the centre of the cognitive domain. The attribution of any intentional state, such as desire, regret, hope and so on, to a creature presupposes the attribution of belief to that creature. I Like many other philosophers, I will kick off with a brief discussion of Descartes’ views which many find wildly implausible. Descartes believed that dumb animals could not be credited with beliefs because he thought they were mindless machines: dumb animals behave as if they feel fear, as if they believe various things, etc., but the truth is that all of the cases where we are inclined to ascribe psychological states to them, can be redescribed solely in terms of internal physiological processes set in motion by mechanical causation.

How is my life compared to living in the Dominican Republic?

Living in Jakarta is not that different than living in the Dominican Republic. For example, they both have similar geographic features, weather etc. Most people earn money in the same ways, and the types of homes people live in are probably the same. The Dominican Republic like Jakarta is situated around the north of the equator, making the weather hot and humid. This also means that both countries get convectional rain (a type of rain cycle, for countries around the equator). Since they are both situated near the equator, they have two main seasons, the rainy season and the dry season. The Geographic features in Jakarta are very similar to the geographic features in the Dominican Republic. Like Jakarta it has soaring Mountain Ranges and in places vast green fertile land and beautiful beaches. This influences the tourism rate for both of these countries, which means the pollution rate in both countries is very high. Due to this, both these countries are considered third world countries. Both these countries are in the ring of fire, meaning there are lots of volcanic eruptions. This influences people a lot, because they need to know what to do if a volcano explodes!!! Jakarta and the Dominican Republic, being both very poor countries, suffer from money problems. There are two main communities in these countries. Firstly the rich. These people have big, high up jobs, earn lots of money and live in big houses. The poor have small roadside stalls and live in mud houses and slums. They earn about 2months of the rich persons salary in one year. Both these countries are steadily growing, but help is needed for those who need help. The people who have no arms or legs, people with money issues etc. The roads in both these countries are of a poor standard. The big main roads have only a small amount of lanes, meaning that people drive on the line, meaning MASSIVE traffic jams. The smaller roads are full of pyholes, which is a massive danger to all motorcyclists, who like cutting the line. It can cause severe injuries or maybe even death. The drainage systems are extremely inefficient! Since these countries are next to the equator (this means they have two main seasons, the rainy season and the dry season) during the rainy season, roads would have floods, meaning people are stuck in traffic jams for 4-5 hours. The availability of water and electricity come in vast quantities to the rich. For the poor, they get electricity but it will go of or hours on end. This influences people because they have to get used to playing outside and entertaining themselves for the tome when there is no electricity. The water they get comes from the rain. That's why on the roads many people pray that it rains. In Jakarta especially, people count on rice. They don't consider it a meal, if there is no rice. In conclusion, both these countries have similar living styles, and are similar in many ways. Also both these countries, since they are poor need help, so they can thrive and live like most 1st world countries.

Spring exam

First Line Managers – supervise people who perform non-managerial duties Middle Managers – oversee the work of large departments or divisions Top Managers – guide the performance of the organization as a whole or of one of its major parts Governance – is the oversight of top management by a board of directors or a board of trustees Accountability – is the requirement so show performance results too supervisor The upside-Down Pyramid – view puts customers at the top of the organization by being served by workers who are supported by the managers below them Social Capital – Is the capacity to attract support and help from others In order to get things done. Emotional Intelligence – Is the ability to manage ourselves and our relationships effectively Conceptual Skill – Is the ability to think analytically and solve complex problems 1 . Self-Awareness ? understanding moods and emotions 2. Self-Regulation – thinking bef ore acting; controlling disruptive impulses 3. Motivation – working hard and persevering 4. Empathy – understanding the emotions of others 5.Social Skills – gaining rapport and building good relationships Global Sourcing – involves contracting for work that is performed in other countries Corporate Governance – is the oversight of a company's management by a board of directors Glass Ceiling Effect – an invisible barrier limiting career advancement of women and minorities Intellectual Capital – is the collective brainpower or shared knowledge of a workforce (Competency x Commitment = Intellectual Capital) Self-Management – is the ability to understand oneself, exercise initiative, accept responsibility and learn from experience ME – Chi. Critical Thinking – the ability to perceive situations, gather and interpret relevant information, and make decisions Sustainable Competitive Advantage – is an ability to ou tperform rivals in ways that are difficult to imitate Corporate Strategy – sets long- term direction for the total enterprise Business Strategy – identifies how a division or strategic business unit will compete in its product or service domain Functional Strategy – guides activities within one specific area of operations Growth Through Concentration – means expansion within an existing business area Growth ThroughDiversification – means expansion by entering related or new business areas Growth Through Vertical Integration – occurs by acquiring suppliers or distributors Retrenchment Strategy – changes operations to correct weaknesses Liquation – occurs when a business sells Its assets to pay creditors Restructuring – reduces the scale or mix of operations Divestiture – Involves selling off parts of the organization to refocus attention on core business areas Strategic Alliance – organizations Join together In partnership to pursue an area of mutual interest Co-petition – is the strategy of working with rivals n projects of mutual benefit business Strategy -strategically uses the internet to gain competitive advantage Scrounging – is strategic use of the internet to engage customers and potential customers in providing opinions and suggestions on implementing strategies Differentiation Strategy – offers products that are unique and different from those of the competition Cost Leadership Strategy – seeks to operate with lower costs than competitors Focused Differentiation Strategy – offers a unique product to a special market segment Focused Cost Leadership Strategy – seeks the lowest costs of operations within a special market segment Strategic Leadership – inspires people to implement organizational strategies Strategic Control – makes sure strategies are scrapped or changed ME – Chi. 9 Colonization – is the proces s through which new members learn the culture of an organization Observable Culture – is what you see and hear when walking around an organization Core Culture – is found in the underlying values of the organization Symbolic Leader – uses language and symbols and actions to establish and maintain a desired organizational culture.

Business ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Business ethics - Essay Example However, the absence of these health professional in over-the-counter prescription and the advertisement of this drugs as created a new challenge that ought to be confronted. There are even cases where these advertisements have been found to pressure health professionals to prescribe particular drugs that might as well be less effective and dangerous. This idea intrudes in the relationship between patients and medical practitioners, thereby, interfering or even impeding the therapeutic process. Additionally, prescription advertising is not educational, instead it is inherently misleading if the omission of crucial information on drugs in its features is anything to go by. This therefore demonstrates just how dangerous consumer marketing of prescription drugs is and why it should be prohibited (Jeffrey, 2004, p. 21). II. What do you think is the most effective means to market a drug that is chemically and theoretically identical to its competitors? What do you think is the most ethica l way to market such drugs? Pharmaceutical products are those chemicals that improve the health of human beings, although in certain instances they can cause serious side effects to certain people who might be allergenic to these chemicals. Normally, producer of medical drugs compete both in terms of advertisement as well as prices, up to a point where advertisement and prices reach an equilibrium point (Harold, 2004, p.44), a point at which people are free to make choices based on their capability. This leaves the choice of drug administration in the hands of the physician. At times it is even the patient who is left with the decision of expressing his/her preference for one drug over the other and particularly if he/she has been exposed to some form of advertising. I strongly believe that a sale promotion involving packaging is not a bad idea to market a homogenous drug. Presentability of a drug can make all the difference in a contest pitting two theoretically and chemically iden tical with another already in the market. In fact, because the drugs are similar chemically and theoretically, one can focus on the cleanliness and hygiene of the drug through packaging the drug in a fashion that demonstrates hygiene and cleanliness to weather the competition. III. In what ways might a consumer suffering from a medical condition be less than fully free in making choices about medications? What psychological conditions undermine consumer autonomy? In most instances, patient fear of health deterioration leads to pharmaceutical inertia i.e. resistance to making any changes in their medicine regimens, which may also emerge due to unwillingness to use medication since they is no guarantee of improvement as one has no idea that it is going to improve the condition. This is one of the factors that put patients at the mercies medical practitioners or medical adverts in cases where the medical practitioners might not be available for whatever reason. Lack of proper medical a wareness might impair a patient’s decision concerning the medication to take. A patient might as well be in a state that makes him/her unable to make rational decision concerning the medication to take. Mostly, these are extreme case of sickness like stroke-induced coma or patient in vegetative state and therefore unable to even communicate. Psychologically affected

Victims Rights and Vengeance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Victims Rights and Vengeance - Essay Example After the colonial and the revolutionary periods the focus on the criminal law shifted making every crime an individual committed as a social harm. In the year 1982 president Ronald Reagan’s task force on crime victims who were released in the final report that reiterated the concerns of victims of crime have been overlooked, where most of their pleas just passed unheeded and their personal, emotional, financial wounds unattended. This led to a recommendation of amendment to the US constitution which found support from victims’ rights organization. Additionally, the congress passed the first piece of federal crime victims’ rights legislation called the witness protection act. Nevertheless more need to be done as more victims of crime are left behind either due to fear of coming out for privacy sake or failure of their pleas to be attended to (Boland and Butler, 2009). In 2004, an important landmark called crime victim’s rights act was passed which provided crime victims with eight particular rights. Legal guidance and support together with future legal professional on issues related to victims’ rights have been taught by victims’ rights organisations at the ground level advocacy which has helped to cement more dependability of the system under criminal justice. More organisation are being formed which provide direct service to victims this calls for foe education and awareness campaigns. The Crime Victims Rights Act (CRVA) has helped much especially the federal criminal cases by providing a venue for victims to choose what they want to do after they become victims of a crime, where they may decide to, or not to consult with an attorney or protect themselves from the accused. When one has the right to do and act as they will it given them the freedom to life a personal life without being interrupted. No one is above the law. The law states that no one should take matters on his